Artificial Intelligence - Present and Future Uses - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2252 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/11 Category Information Systems Essay Topics: Artificial Intelligence Essay Did you like this example? Artificial Intelligence: Present and Future uses What is the definition of Artificial Intelligence? Lets’ break it down in to individual words to get an accurate definition. First, Artificial: made by human skill; produced by humans (https://dictionary. com). Second, Intelligence: capacity for learning, reasoning, understanding, and similar forms of mental activity; aptitude for grasping truths, relationships, facts, meanings, etc. (https://dictionary. com). Therefore, if we put the two words together we create a unique and complex definition. Artificial Intelligence is defined as: tools that exhibit human intelligence and behavior including self-learning robots, expert systems, voice recognition, natural and automated translation; Technology and learning portfolio. (1997, August) Retrieved August 30, 2010 from https://www. unesco. org/education/educprog/lwf/doc/portfolio/portindex. htm. Artificial Intelligence is being used presently, and will be used in the future in numerous exciting ways. Present day uses| Future uses| Military: *Weapons *Aircraft| Games: *Chess computer| Medicine: *Joystick surgery *Computer assisted surgery| Robots: *Medicine *Workforce| Education: *Educational tools| Integration: *Cybernetics *Reverse engineering| Table 0 Present day uses: Military The two primary uses of A. I. for the Military are in their weapons and aircraft. Stanford University won a two million dollar defense department grant for building an autonomous SUV named Stanley. This vehicle navigated a 131 mile off road race course, by itself, in six hours and fifty-three minutes. It eventually won the race against another autonomous vehicle. Its average land speed was 19. 1 mph, which is the average speed of a Military convoy. Another type of autonomous vehicle is called the sword. Basically, it’s a miniature tank with multiple automatic weapons and a grenade launcher attached. It can be controlled remotely, but its primary use is autonom ous missions. It can navigate through a war zone and take out ground troops from behind. The sword can also be sent into a hostile situation and cause a diversion, allowing the soldiers to quell the situation; Military applications. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 6, 2010, from https://www. aaai. org/AITopics/pmwiki/pmwiki. php/AITopics/Military. New military assault vehicles are being fitted with voice recognition software. This makes the communication between the on-board computer and the soldiers much faster. A soldier can speak a command into the computer while he/she is still driving, firing a weapon or tracking the enemy. The weapons are also voice command activated, so they can be fired while the soldier is conducting another duty. The main reason these vehicles are being made is to save soldiers lives, while protecting our country at the same time. This new technology will save lives, it will save even more lives as the technology grows; Military applications. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 6, 2010, from https://www. aaai. org/AITopics/pmwiki. php/AITopics/Military. Lastly, the F-35 Lightning Multi-role fighter from Lockheed Martin is the top of the line smart fighter jet. The F-35 is equipped with voice recognition software, making pilot to plane communications faster. The weapons are also voice activated, so the pilot can multi-task in an engagement. It is also equipped with an Automatic target recognition and classification system (ATRC), which is used to identify specific targets. The ATRC system is used in tandem with an Active electronically scanned array radar system (AESA). This system has a synthetic aperture radar mapping mode to provide the pilot with more precise search and targeting capabilities. Basically, the radar system maps the general area, and gives more accurate searches and targets faster; F-35 Lightning II Multi-role Fighter. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 6, 2010, from https://www. erospaceweb. org/aircraft/fighter/f35/. Pr esent day uses: Medicine The medical profession uses every advance they have access to, saving lives is their main objective. The da Vinci surgical system is a revolutionary new tool used to aid surgeons during surgery. This system uses four main components; the Surgeon Console, also called the Hermes control center, where the surgeon controls the surgery, the Patient Side cart makes the surgical contact with the patient, using robotic arms to hold and use the instruments while making the small incisions for the surgery. Next is the Endo Wrist Instruments, these instruments are used to simulate human surgical movements. Each instrument has its own function, from suturing to clamping. The Wrist instruments are held on with quick release levers for quick changes during the surgery. This instrument is used to control rotating, pivoting and the force applied from the robotic arms. Finally, the Insite Vision System with high resolution 3D endoscope and image processing capabilities. This system allows the surgeon to see inside the patient during the surgery, giving the surgeon an advantage over regular surgery. The Insite vision system sends clear, filtered and noise free real time video. The following chart shows the cost of the da Vinci surgical system compared to the competitor’s; Robotic surgery. (2005). Retrieved September 6, 2010, from https://biomed. brown. edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/davinci. html. Market Information of the Robot Surgical Systems Equipment| Costs| Company Equipment Descriptions| Da Vinci Surgical System| $1 Million| Intuitive Surgical: Robot-assistant with arms to connect surgical instruments| Zeus Robot Surgical System| $975,000| Computer Motion: Robot-assistant with arms to connect surgical instruments| Aesop 3000| $80,000| Computer Motion: Voice-controlled endoscope-positioning robot| Hermes Control Center| Request price quota| Computer Motion: Centralized system used to network an intelligent OR| Socrates Robo tic Tele-collaboration System| Request price quota| Computer Motion: Allows shared control of Aesop 3000 from different locations| *Former Computer Motion systems that are now owned by Intuitive Surgical. Sources: Table 1 from Journal of Healthcare Management 46:4 July/August 2003 As you can see the initial cost is high, but the long term health and financial benefits for the patient and hospital are amazing. The following table will illustrate these facts. Estimate of Initial investment and cost savings per heart valve surgery for da Vinci Market price Maintenance/year Physician training| $1 million $100,000 $250,000| Cost of one inpatient hospital day| $2,000| Reduced inpatient hospital days for heart procedures| 4. 5 days| Cost saving per heart procedure due to reduced hospital stay| $9,000 per heart valve| Extra procedure cost| $2000 more per operation| Surgical assistance| $175,000 for fourth arm(compared to $80,610 per year for extra OR nurse)| Sources: Table 2 from Journal of Healthcare Management 46:4 July/August 2003 Salary Survey 2004. Nursing Management 35: 7 July 2004 Pages 28-32 American Heart Associations Scientific Sessions 2002 Present day uses: Education An abundance of people complain about the education system these days, most of them don’t like the way it works. There are two A. I. tutoring systems available now that can help the system work well. The SimBionic intelligent agent tool kit and the Task Tutor tool kit are the top of the line in A. I. assisted tutoring. The SimBionic tool kit allows the instructor to specify behaviors for simulated forces, without pre-programming. The behavior authoring tool allows the instructor to create an â€Å"entity† behavior using â€Å"drag and drop† interface to build the complex behaviors. After the behaviors are created, they can be re-used and modified for other scenarios. For example, an instructor creates a simulated battle scene where the primary group is being attac ked from three sides. The intelligent simulation automates the enemy, making the simulation more realistic, challenging and engaging; Stottler Henke Inc. , (2002), Simbionic tool kit. Retrieved August 9, 2010, from https://www. stottlerhenke. com/solutions/training/simbionic. htm. The second tutoring system is the Task Tutor tool kit. This system allows the instructor to produce procedure templates that specify the range of â€Å"actions† that are correct within each scenario. The system will also list the knowledge and skills demonstrated as the student completes the simulation. These templates are created by the instructor without programming, using a graphical interface to show the sequences of actions to the tutoring system. When the simulation is done, the tutor shows the student what principles they had correct or incorrect. It also gives explanations why they were wrong or right. Also, the tutor will answer â€Å"what do I do now† or why do I do that† u sing hints, allowing the student to solve the problem themselves. There are many subject areas this type of learning can be used for; Stottler Henke Inc. ,(2002), Task Tutor tool kit. Retrieved August,19,2010 from https://www. stottlerhenke. com/solutions/training/ttt. htm. The following graphic lists these subject areas: Future uses: Games In 1997 a computer named â€Å"Deep Blue† played and defeated the current world champion Garry Kasparov, taking the world championship from Mr. Kasparov for that year. Deep Blue is a computer that uses artificial intelligence to help make strategic decisions while playing chess. I know, this is not a future use, but the idea behind this computer has/is being expanded. Some current video games can predict what the player will do by analyzing how he/she has played in the past. Future computer games will be able to interact with the player, assisting with decision making and strategy; Waltz, D. (1996). Artificial Intelligence: Realizing th e ultimate promises of computing. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. cs. washington. edu/homes/lazowsk/era/ai. html. Future uses: Robots Noel Sharkey, a professor of AI and robotics, believes the way that artificial intelligence is growing we could see completely autonomous robots within 40 to 50 years. Also, that they could be conducting crash site surgeries, so the injured person wouldn’t die during the trip to the O. R. They could also do the smaller, faster, and less invasive surgeries, freeing up surgeons to do the more invasive and complicated ones; Lomas, N. (2010, March 4). Artificial Intelligence: How advanced will AI be in 2100? Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. silicon. om/technology/software/2010/03/04/artificial-intelligence-how-advanced-will-ai-be-in-2100-39745432. Mr. Sharkey also believes robots could join the workforce in the future, having robotic receptionists in doctors, lawyers, and large corporate offices. Future uses: Integration K evin Warwick, a professor of cybernetics, believes that by the year 2050 intelligent machines/robots might be dominant. Or, humans will have â€Å"upgraded† themselves to â€Å"cyborgs†. If machines/robots are dominant by 2050, Mr. Warwick believes we will be living in a â€Å"terminator scenario†. If you haven’t seen the movies, humans would be living batteries to keep the machines charged up. But, he is more inclined to believe that humans will upgrade themselves with different forms of cybernetics. This means computer components will be integrated into the human body, enhancing they systems that the components are linked to; Lomas, N. (2010, March 4). Artificial Intelligence: How advanced will AI be in 2100? Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. silicon. com/technology/software/2010/03/04/artificial-intelligence-how-advanced-will-ai-be-in-2100-39745432/. Ray Kurzweil, futurist, believes that by 2050 we will be past the Singularity, and we will have fully human-level AI. He also believes that we will have reverse engineered the human brain 20 years from now. He believes humans and intelligent technology will â€Å"merge† and create â€Å"hybrid† intelligence. The technological side of our merge will continue to grow intellectually,† expanding our brains capacity a billion fold by 2045†. By 2100, the expansion will be trillions of trillions fold and we will begin to expand beyond our solar system. How advanced will AI be in 2100? Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. silicon. com/technology/software/2010/03/04/artificial-intelligence-how-advanced-will-ai-be-in-2100-39745432/. â€Å"The best way to predict the future is to invent it† – Alan Kay; Beekman, G. Beekman, B. (2009,p. 380, 397) Tomorrow’s technology and you (9th ed). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. This statement is a, very general, way of summing up this paper. Everything I’ve spoken about in t he preceding pages started as a sparkle in the eye of a learned inventor or scientist. The only limit to the imagination of these people is the level of technology they had to begin at. In fact, most of these people were trying to advance current technology when they introduced their new ideas. Some of these ideas are just theories or, but these theories and ideas stimulate intelligent people into creating new, cutting edge technology. For this reason, artificial intelligence should be studied and researched. The present uses of A. I. re exciting, but the future of A. I. will yield many more astounding uses. â€Å"The Future belongs to those who believe in the beauty of their dreams† -Eleanor Roosevelt- References Beekman, G. Beekman, B. (2009, p. 380, 397). Tomorrow’s technology and you (9th ed. ). New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall Definition of Artificial. https://dictionary. com Definition of Intelligent. https://dictionary. com F-35 Lightning II multi-role fighter. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 6, 2010 from. https://www. aerospace. org/aircraft/fighter/f35/ Lomas, N. (2010, March 4). Artificial Intelligence: how advanced will AI be in 2100? Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. silicon. om/technology/software/2010/03/04/artificial- intelligence-how-advanced-will-ai-be-in-2100-39745432/ Military applications. (n. d. ). Retrieved September 6, 2010 from https://www. aaai. org/AITopics/pmwiki. php/AITopics/Military Robotic Surgery. (2005). Retrieved September 6, 2010 from https://biomed. brown. edu/Courses/BI108_2005_Groups/04/davinci. html Roosevelt, E. (n. d. ). Direct quote. Message posted to Eleanor Roosevelt quotes, archived at https://thinkexist. com/quotation/the_future_belongs_to_those_who_believe_in_the/13262. html Stottler Henke Inc. , (2002), SimBionic tool kit. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. tottlerhenke. com/solutions/training/simbionic. htm Stottler Henke Inc. , (2002), Task Tutor tool kit. Retrieved August 19, 20 10 from https://stottlerhenke. com/solutions/training/ttt. htm Technology and learning portfolio. (1997, August). Retrieved August 30, 2010 from https://unesco. org/education/eduprog/lwf/doc/portfolio/portindex. htm Waltz, D. (1996). Artificial Intelligence: Realizing the ultimate promises of computing. Retrieved August 19, 2010 from https://www. cs. washington. edu/homes/lazowsk/era/ai. html [ 1 ]. Singularity: the point when machine intelligence outpaces that of humans Artificial Intelligence: Present and Future uses Bill DeJaynes Intro to computers Dr. Kanooni August 30, 2010 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦. 2 Artificial Intelligence: Present and future uses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦ 2 Body†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2-10 Table 0†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 2 Present day uses: Military†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 Present day uses: Medicine†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Table 1†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦5 Table 2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 Present day uses: Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦7 Learning subject areas graphic†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Future uses: Games†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦9 Future uses: Robots†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 Future uses: Integration†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12-13 Don’t waste time! 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Electrical Reflection - 875 Words

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Skills And Knowledge From Past 3. Study Plan 4. Reflection On Professional Engineering And Study In Australia 5. Reflect On The EWB Projects 6. Team Work Skills 7. Problems And Appropriate Solutions 8. Group Formation And Discussion In Study Desk 9. Importance Of Life Long Learning And ContinuousRead MoreQuestions On The Importance Of Lifelong Learning3287 Words   |  14 Pagesfield of engineering specializing in electrical as an electrical engineer I should know or have developed the latest skills required as well as technical know how about the field of engineering. I as an electrical engineer should be able to solve complex problems pertaining to field of electrical and as a result chose to do my masters in one of its specializing field that is Power engineering. 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The First Step in Nation Free Essays

string(45) " some did vote and held political positions\." Packed in Mt. Zion A. M. We will write a custom essay sample on The First Step in Nation or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. Church, a number of black women had gathered to hear Mary Church Terrell talk about ‘the modern women’. Oblivious of the heat and the perspiration which thoroughly soaked their dresses, the women were eager to hear what Mary Church Terrell as an educator and first president of the National Association of Coloured women had to say. The women were not disappointed, as Terrell looked like the ‘modern woman’ she was telling about. Her graceful walk and speaking captivated the crowd. She talked about educating less fortunate black women, organizing themselves and improving their communities. The representatives of different clubs had joined hands to organize the National Association of Coloured women in order to put forward a formal protest against an insulting letter written by the white president of the Missouri Press Association, James Jacks. Terrell went on to talk about Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and other women who had worked for the race, making such a permanent impression on the women, that they were ready to follow the footsteps of their ancestors. One of the women who heard this speech was Fields, a teacher already active in community work. She was a member of Charleston City Federation of women’s club, which specialized in homemaking, helping the disadvantaged, raising funds to help wayward black girls and improving the conditions. She also helped to set up the Priscilla club which served the impoverished black areas, building homes, setting up a United Service Organization for black soldiers during the World War I and later on urging the city officials to hire black teachers. All over the country, black women were helping to shape, mold and direct the thought of their race, in time for an organized female resistance movement. The members of the National Association of Coloured women (NACW) set to solving interlocking problems involving race, gender and poverty. According to them, the problems of a race could be solved by solving the problems of its women. A story reported sixteen years before Terrell’s speech explains why that period in African- American history is known as Nadir. According to it, a 12- year old black boy narrowly escaped from being lynched by a mob of white boys, all of them in their early teenage years. As an editor of Richmond Planet, a black weekly, ‘lynching was demoralizing to young and old equally and the children did what they saw the adults doing. ’ The time from 1880 to 1930 was the most savage and demoralizing time for the black people. Lynching was a common practice and was often performed as a ritual. African- American’s loss of civil values was just one of the manifestations of the white lawlessness. Blacks were separated from whites in public, schools and related things. Black people dealt with the racism by forming their own institutions and retreated into them. The institution which thrived the most during this period was the Church. The Church became a ground for political discussions and position of power and leadership. Societies were formed by the Church or were joined with it, due to which they got a central position in black social, political and economic life. During this time of retrenchment, black women clubs rose to importance and formed sister clubs all over the country. By the time the NACW brought them together, the number was too high to keep count of. The clubs worked on one principle which was ‘self-help’. They focused on educating mothers and improving the home life. Mother clubs were formed which focused on teaching mothers about home life, educating their children, and protecting their neighborhoods. Women clubs raised money to buy lands on which they made parks, schools, colleges, libraries and hospitals. They also worked on helping black women migrate from rural areas to urban by getting them settled down in their new surroundings, which were often hostile and dangerous. Educational courses were also offered. With time the work became so much that the local federations encouraged clubs to coordinate and take bigger projects then what a single club could have not possibly handled. With time more and more clubs came under NACW, making the structure more complex and projects undertaken more sophisticated. Different departments were formed which kept on increasing with time and the projects undertaken. The philosophy behind the women clubs enabled the women to take action when at one time such was completely unthought-of. Women organization was the first step in nation making according to one of the early presidents of NACW, Josephine Silone Yates. This banding together of the black women was showing the rest of the race a way to move forward, out of the shadows of the past and a way to facing the challenges of the new era. Even with the success of the women clubs, lynching, racism, disfranchisement, race riots were still in power. An editorial in ‘women’s era’ asked the weak and timid men to step aside and let the women take charge. Women thought that the black men were more a part of the problem, claiming that the men had sold their votes for a mess of pottage. , which was something that a black woman would never do. Leaders like Anna Julia Cooper believed that black women could make a lot more headway as compared to men when it came to race problems. Association leaders thought that women would be far more suited for issues related to social welfare then men, due to their moral, nurturing and selfless nature. Cooper’s sense of confidence was nourished by the sense of equality with the black men. While whites had set their differences between men and women, blacks had no such issues. During slavery, black men and women had equal status, had endured incredible hardships along with men, due to which both sex had equal footing in matter of equality. Racism severely limited the lives of black men though some did vote and held political positions. You read "The First Step in Nation" in category "Papers" The fact that black men held a larger area then women was completely insignificant, for women who proclaimed that it was the ‘women era’. Club women didn’t compare the positions held by the men with their positions. They only thought about their goal which was the abolition of racism. Some scholars argued the differences of goals of the black women from the white. The implications of the respective goals of white and black were different because of the difference of context of black and white women’s efforts were different. The end of 19th century was good for the black people, not only because the blacks were responding to the new industrial environment but also to racism repression. Black men at this time were heavily targeted leaving behind the women to deal with the pressures of life. From it became clear that the black women were handling far more burdens then their white counterparts. Also it became clear that the black women thought that the white women were also a part of the problem. Till now the black women were considered inferior clubwomen, but now they demanded equality. Black women thought that white women would be able to play a vital role in finishing racism, lynching and their effects. But the women were soon sourly disappointed as they found out that white women had the same thoughts as their men, and when they tried to set themselves apart, they became a burden which the black women had been carrying for so long. Other then a few white women organizations, the rest of the organizations were clearly ‘anti-black’. When friendly organizations asked black women to speak, they asked the crowd to support the black women. The all-white General federation of women’s clubs (GFWC) was openly hostile and in one of their newsletters wrote an offensive story about a marriage between a black and a white. This story was like a warning against inviting black women to white women clubs. This story also indirectly told the blacks that they would always be inferior to the whites due to the ‘invisible drop’ of black blood in their veins, no matter how much they got educated or learned, traveled or had talents. Even if these actions hurt the black women, they didn’t let it discourage them from their goal. The first step to nation building was NACW’s belief that the progress of the race was marked by the progress of its women. Even the black Nationalist Martin Delany couldn’t speak about black problems because he knew nothing about the hard working men and women from the south. The position of women became strong in this case as women were the centre of the community and knew the feeling of oppression, both as a woman and as a black. When a black woman spoke, she spoke the voice of the masses, and when the black women were free, the entire black race would be free. Not only the women believed it, the black men also soon took to the notion of women leading their race. A book named ‘noted negro women’ was also written which told about the achievements of black women and the progress of Negros since slavery. Now that men and women were thinking alike, the only issue which also became a hot topic of discussion in club meetings was how women would lead the race. According to Alice White, a clubwoman from Montgomery, if thee home was at peace, then the women were in power. If homes were pure and teachings were pure, then from these homes, people with strong intellect, morals and religion would come. Others thought that woman should assume wide- ranging roles which would help the community. No one argued that home was the first battle ground or what NACW was doing for the community. Addie Dickerson believed that homes were the building blocks of a nation and if they were strong enough then the nation would be strong as well. She also believed that women had to fight against Jim Crow and join hands with both races to improve the economic conditions of black women who were working out of their homes. Women also insisted that women should vote so that they could have political rights which could help in the reforming. Cooper argued that the time had come for women’s personal independence, moral and intellectual development, political activity, and a voice of her own. These philosophies influenced the ideological discussion which was taking place between the club leaders. All women agreed to strengthen the foundation of their homes. But some wanted more, the ones who approved to suffrage and activism. The debate over this issue increased the differences between Washington and Du Boris. No matter how different the ideas or opinions of the people were, they had the same base. They had suffered humiliating experiences, rejected from clubs and moreover, they all believed that women would save the day. Black women also thought that they would stay above part politics unlike men, who were ineffective in dealing with race issues. Terrell thought that the worst a black woman could do was to bring a corrupt politician in the association, and also that it was important that women protested against the system which took away their rights. For NACW, unity didn’t come naturally. On same issues, the clubs put their best efforts to stick together. Clubwomen wanted to prove to the world that their image about black women was wrong. Black women are able to voice their concerns, their problems. When making a case, the women saw their differences and realized that not all black women could meet their standards. Also the clubwomen argued that the entire race was not equal, just as whites have their immoral class, lacks also have one. These women also questioned themselves as to why did the white people judge them only for their bad points? Club women wanted to end discrimination and wanted it to be marked their own success. NACW had already taken first step in nation building by helping others just as they help themselves. The very existence of NACW mean that black women had a defender with a national voice. The records of the club were impressive and at the end of the century it proposed a very bold plan. At the time when white women were choosing between careers or homes, NACW announced that black women will do what men do, as well as what a woman will do. Convinced that black issues were same, they spoke publicly against black men and oppression. Also they didn’t feel that their feminism would tear apart the movement into camps. The club members only saw wisdom in their approach towards black poverty, same as they saw only congruity in their race and gender. Before he even penned down the term, both conservative and activists accepted Du Boris’s philosophy. Clubwomen unlike the more modern black women leaders didn’t hesitate to represent the lower class. These women were proud of their work because they felt it was their duty to talk to them. Where all the NACW women were proud of their achievements, the also had a reason for dread. They couldn’t forever keep ignoring the differences which separated them, for some issues were too serious, too pivotal to the future of black people. The most serious issue was that the race might not raise higher then its women. Many questions rose. Will the whites accept the association? What would happen if the status didn’t rise high? What if the programs didn’t benefit the black women? In the end it was concluded that the ideology did justice to female black activism, but if it failed the entire blame would come on the women. Twentieth century progressed and with it progressed the idea that challenges would be met by more competent women who had more knowledge and experience then the women of 1896, who were sure that would change the world history. Work Cited African Americans. (n. d. ). National Association of Colored Women’s Clubs, Inc. October 12, 2008. http://www. africanamericans. com/NationalAsscofColoredWomen How to cite The First Step in Nation, Papers

Teens vs. Toddlers free essay sample

When we are young we admire the great and cool things that teenagers are able to do, and all we want is to be teenagers. As the years would go by we would get more excited because our teen years were getting closer. However, when we finally reach those teenage years, we then suddenly wish we could be kids again. A teenager and a child both have their differences and similarities, but they are more different than we think; after all, they are two different ages. As teenagers we can experience some of the most memorable and toughest moments in our lives. A teenager goes through many pleasant and depressing times, whereas children do not really experience depressing moments. Teenagers could be depressed over losing a friend, getting bullied, or lack of confidence. Children also do not experience much stress as teens do. Teenagers could be stressing over how to talk to someone they like, or having a lot of homework that is due the next day. We will write a custom essay sample on Teens vs. Toddlers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Going through puberty could be another stressful situation in a teen’s life. In contrast to teenagers, young children are allowed to do basically anything they wants; children can also get away with anything. Children do not have to worry about having any hard work, or responsibilities. Children can go outside and play for hours. They can make all the mess they want and have someone else clean up after them. Life is like a wonderland for children, but as for teenagers, they have many responsibilities. Most teenagers have to go straight home after school to do chores, babysit younger siblings, do homework, and sometimes even study for exams. Some teenagers even have to pick up the responsibility of having a job to help out with household bills. Unlike teenagers, children also need more attention. Children have to be watched by their parents when they are outside playing. Parents have to even supervise children as they eat to make sure the child actually eats his/ her food. Also, a child almost always needs help, or assistance, with getting certain tasks done. For example, a child would need the assistance of a parent to bathe them, or have their parent make them food. On the other hand, teenagers do not really need to be helped with those kinds of things. When a teenager is hungry, they can go into the kitchen and prepare their own food. Contrary to children, teenagers are able to make their own decisions. Teens can choose what to wear, what to eat, or where to go. Some teens, of course, will ask for permission from their parents, but they are not really controlled by them as children are. A child has to go wherever their parents go, and have to follow what their parents tell them to do. The child might cry and throw fits, but they do not have a choice because they do not know how to make correct decisions yet. Whereas teenagers have the choice of going out with friends, or staying home. Teenagers do not necessarily always have to be by their parent’s side like a child. Although, teenagers and children have all these differences, they still have some similarities in between. A main one being is that their parents will still have to support them, and they will still have to obey their parents. Also, a child or teen cannot be fully independent yet. But as the time goes by, you will experience many different things throughout your life. Some experiences you may like, and others you may not. The important thing is to enjoy every moment that passes.

Sensitivity Analysis Decision Making Process

Question: Discuss about the Sensitivity Analysis for Decision Making Process. Answer: Introduction: Sensitivity analysis is widely used in the management decision-making process. The tool is normally used for capital budgeting process of the business. The tool provides an opportunity to evaluate the relationship between all the components of any project. The purpose of the sensitivity analysis is to measure the responsiveness towards the Net Present Value (NPV) of the projected return of the investments. The analysis of sensitivity provides the option to check the NPV of the investment in any project and forecast the change in every particular by changing any key item of the project. The risk analysis is done by using the sensitivity analysis of the investment. The change in the input variable changes the cash flow as well as the bottom line of the return of the project. It can be measured using the sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity measurement provides the degree of change or the degree of detraction of the bottom line (Ashokkumar, 2014). Sensitivity analysis may indicate the importance of the variable that might be used as the key indicator in the business. The main advantage of sensitivity analysis for the managers is its simplicity to analyse the data. Sensitivity analysis does not need any special theory to understand for the managers. The management's effort and concentration towards any investment related activity can be measured using the sensitivity analysis. The sensitiveness of particular item can be identified in this process, and the manager may target those items particularly to attain the objectives of the firm. Source of planning is provided with the sensitivity analysis as it provides the opportunity of professional judgment to be applied by the managers in decision-making. The sensitivity analysis allows the managers to use the automated system to analyse the different situation of the business due to change in any variable (Aslan, 2015). The process of quality checking is also possible by applying the sensitivity analysis. The quality checking of the item with a concentration on such one variable is possible as sensitiv ity provides the resource to verify the quality of the process by identifying the variable. The main disadvantage of the sensitivity analysis is a dependency on the single variable. The change in one variable does not change other similar types of variables. The example of independency of the variable is changed in material price does not change the price of other products. However, the managers can change the price of the products due to change in the price of the materials. This is the main weakness of sensitivity analysis, and it can be overcome by applying the simulation in managerial accounting where more than one variable can be changed or tested by the managers. This type of analysis considers the extent of change in the value of the variable instead of the probability of change in that variable. So, sensitivity does not measure the relative change in the price or the variable. The last disadvantage of this analysis is not to provide any particular solution to the managers (Blau and Fuller, 2008). The sensitivity analysis does not provide any solution instead; it pro vides some indications and the further key to analyse of the situation. Scenario analysis Scenario analysis is the process to predict the possible future of some scenes in the business. It is based on the probability measurement and provides the opportunity to obtain an idea of possible outcomes of any action in operation to the managers (Campbell et al. 2012). Scenario analysis does not show any particular picture of the future instead; it shows different possibilities in future. The scenario analysis helps in measuring the expected return of any investment. It is applicable in investment strategy too. The standard deviation of the certain share can be measured, and the measurement of two or three standard deviations might provide a different return for the portfolio. The investor might obtain the different possibilities of return of the portfolio due to the different standard deviation of the stock or the risk associated with it. The analysis is also used in finance too. The tool is useful for appraising the project investment situation for the managers. The scenario an alysis is helpful in the decision-making of the capital investment of any project. The scenario analysis helps the manager to determine the risk level they can go for and the level of risk they cannot afford to complete the project. Additionally, it might provide the opportunity to analyse the financial outcome of the project in different situations using the probable factor in the measurement (Creedy and Gemmell, 2012). The scenario analysis helps in maximising the profit and minimising the risk associated with the project. It provides the opportunity to the manager to assess three scenarios namely best, worst and normal case scenarios. The value or the expected values of these three scenarios are determined by some probable values from the experiences. The process of scenario analysis involves the scenario development by the management. There are six phases of activities in developing the scenario in the business by the manager. The first phase states the problem identity of the f inancial context. The description of the current situation is the next phase, and this phase also provides the identification of relevant factors of the situation. The next phase is to determine the classification, valuation and scenario elements of the situation. The next phase is important as it provides the opportunity to build up the scenario as in practice. The fifth phase, analyse and interpret the scenario with suitable reasoning. The last phase provides the opportunity to make a strategic decision to the management concerning the different scenario. The main difference between the sensitivity and scenario analysis is both provide different types of prediction of future to the managers. The former one presents the application and necessity of any variable in any capital management decision whereas the later one provides the information on different scenarios of investment. The scenario analysis evaluates the risk assessment containing in the market as well as the risk associated with the project itself (Moyer, 2012). However, the risk assessment in sensitivity analysis is associated with only one variable. The scenario can be of many types functional and a cluster of scenarios. But, sensitivity analysis has no such classification in practice. Sensitivity analysis provides the key indicator in the business. However, scenario analysis does not bind its measurement to any variable instead; it provides holistic measures in different situations. Comparison between two models: Capital Asset Pricing Model and Capital Market Line Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) Capital asset pricing model provides the idea on the relationship between expected return and systematic risk of the investments in the market. There are two types of risks present in any investment systematic and unsystematic risk. The basic theory of CAPM assumes that portfolio of investments is diversified by market portfolio nullifying the unsystematic risks of the investments. However, the systematic risks cannot be eliminated in this way of diversification. The CAPM model measures the systematic risk of the investment compared to expected return on the investment (Davies et al. 2014). The equation of CAPM model is as follows: Er = Rf + * (Rm - Rf) (Goldstein and Hackbarth, 2014) Er = expected return on investment Rf = Risk-free rate = volatility of the security Rm = expected return of the overall market (Rm - Rf) = premium of equity market The government's ten-year bond yield is normally taken as the risk-free rate in this model whereas premium of the investment is the expectation of the investors of more return than that of the risk-free rate. The beta provides the relative volatility of the stock price and the index of the market. The value of beta can vary from 0 to any positive value (negative beta is rare in the stock market as it is possible for the gold beta). The theory of beta states that low beta or beta having a value of less than 1 can provide less movement in its share price compared to the market index. So, the return of these stocks is lesser than that of the stock index. The beta of 1 provides the equal return to the market whereas the having value more than 1 can move more than the market index. The investors must invest in the stocks of having a beta of more than 1 when the market is rising while the inverse is true when the market is going downwards. This model measures the risk of the investment by measuring the relative volatility in the stock with the index (Huang et al. 2015). The systematic risk of the investment is priced in this model (Mntysaari and Mantysaari, 2010). The model provides the security market line after plotting in the graph. The line provides the information on the excess return of the investment compared to risk. The measurement of the SML provides the expected return by multiplying price and quantity risk of the investment. Capital Market Line (CML) The capital market line is extracted from the mean-variance portfolio theory. The mean-variance portfolio states that all the investors are rational and like to invest with the minimum variance in their investment. The CML can be drawn by drawing a tangent from the risk-free rate to market portfolio. The capital market line is the relation between expected return to volatility in the stock portfolio. The tangent indicates the capital market line where an investor might want to hold the risky asset on prorate basis with the market weight of that specific stock (Karpavi?ius, 2014). The tangency point with the curve is known as investments in the risky assets (Lin et al. 2012). The risk and return greater than the tangency point show that the investors have invested in high-risk assets. The following figure shows the capital market line of the investment. The point L shows the investment of fewer risk securities in the portfolio. The point M suggests that all the securities possess the risk of the market whereas point R says the high risk is leveraged to the invested assets. The capital market line can be determined by empirical formula too. The expected return in capital market line is as follows: E(R) = Rf + delta ( E(Rm) Rf) / delta (market) (Kimyagarov and Shivdasani, 2013) Delta is the standard deviation of the security and the market respectively. The Sharpe ratio is measured using the capital market line. The value of Sharpe ratio provides the value of excess return compared to volatility per unit of the securities. The ratio has the same value on a specific current market line. Comparison The CAPM provides the information on the excess return of the investment in respect to price risk and quantity risk. The model only can provide the information on the systematic risk as the assumption of the model has stated to nullify all the unsystematic risks of the investment. The systematic risk beta is measured in the X axis of the security market line. The capital market line is the efficient frontier in the Markowitz portfolio theory where the risk-free asset is added to the minimum variance portfolio. The main comparison between CAPM and CML is as follows: CML is the line on the efficient frontier of the portfolio whereas the CAPM and SML both are possible in any portfolio. The portfolio only may provide the systematic risk, and expected return on the investment, but not the capital market line as the portfolio is inefficient. The reason is that not all the securities lie on the capital market line or the efficient frontier. The majority of the securities can lie behind the capital market line (Lendel et al. 2015). In capital market line, the risk-free lending and external lending both are possible to make the portfolio efficient. The portfolio measured using the capital asset price also can be efficient by investing in the efficient securities. For the efficient portfolio, the CML and SML are the same lines whereas the inefficient portfolio has SML but not other. The capital market line accounts the entire risk of the investment whereas the capital asset pricing model measures the only systematic risk of the investment. References Ashokkumar, S. (2014) Thoughts on business ethics and corporate social responsibility from Vedic literature, Procedia Economics and Finance, 11, pp. 1522. Aslan, H. (2015) Do lending relationships affect corporate financial policies?, Financial Management, 45(1), pp. 141173. Blau, B.M. and Fuller, K.P. (2008) Flexibility and dividends, Journal of Corporate Finance, 14(2), pp. 133152. Campbell, T., Fisher, J.G. and Stuart, N.V. (2012) Integrating sustainability with corporate strategy: A maturity model for the finance function, Journal of Corporate Accounting Finance, 23(5), pp. 6168 Creedy, J. and Gemmell, N. (2012) Measuring revenue responses to tax rate changes in multi-rate income tax systems: Behavioural and structural factors,International Tax and Public Finance, 20(6), pp. 974991. Davies, T., Crawford, I., MR, T.D. and Etc, I.C. (2014) Corporate finance and financial strategy: Optimising corporate and shareholder value. Boston, MA, United States: Pearson. Goldstein, I. and Hackbarth, D. (2014) Corporate finance theory: Introduction to special issue, Journal of Corporate Finance, 29, pp. 535541. Huang, K.-F., Dyerson, R., Wu, L.-Y.andHarindranath, G. (2015) From temporary competitive advantage to sustainable competitive advantage, British Journal of Management, 26(4), pp. 617636 Joseph, J. (2011) Internal and external sources of finance. Available at: https://www.askwillonline.com/2011/04/internal-and-external-sources-of.html (Accessed: 19 January 2017). Karpavi?ius, S. (2014) Dividends: Relevance, rigidity, and signaling, Journal of Corporate Finance, 25(3), pp. 289312 Kieschnick, R. and Rotenberg, W. (2015) Working capital management, the credit crisis, and hedging strategies: Canadian evidence,Journal of International Financial Management Accounting, 27(2), pp. 208232. Kimyagarov, G. and Shivdasani, A. (2013) Managing pension risks: A corporate finance perspective, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, 25(4), pp. 4149. Lendel, V., Soviar, J. and Vodk, J. (2015) Creation of corporate cooperation strategy, Procedia Economics and Finance, 23(2), pp. 434438. Liang, G., Ltkebohmert, E. and Wei, W. (2015) Funding liquidity, debt tenor structure, and creditors belief: An exogenous dynamic debt run model, Mathematics and Financial Economics, 9(4), pp. 271302 Lin, C., Lin, P. and Zou, H. (2012) Does property rights protection affect corporate risk management strategy? Intra- and cross-country evidence, Journal of Corporate Finance, 18(2), pp. 311330. Mntysaari, P. and Mantysaari, P. (2010) The law of corporate finance: General principles and Eu law. Heidelberg: Springer Publishing Company. Moyer, C.R. (2012) Contemporary financial management. 12th edn. United States: South Western Educational Publishing.

William Wordsworth and Robert Browning Essay Example

William Wordsworth and Robert Browning Paper Literature basically has various genres which originate from the rise of different literary geniuses. Poets do not just follow other poet’s method in expressing their thought and their ideas. Poetry is more of a poet’s expression of his feelings towards his observations of the happenings in his environment thus a form of literary expression. It only means that the type of poetry method that a poet applies could tell of the period to which he lived. No account of poetry and its various forms is complete without reference to the relationship of certain poetry to the time to which it is created. The art of poetry definitely reveals the imagination of men living in a society at one time in history. Robert Browning and William Wordsworth lived at almost the same era however their works are quite distinctive from each other. It is not hard to distinguish Browning’s work from that of Wordsworth due to the methods they employed in their poems. It just important to analyze what makes their works identifiable and different from each other. Wordsworth is considered as a romantic poet while Browning is a social-realist. The origin and the components of such basic methods of literature should be explained and tackled well in order to understand the difference and similarities of the two poets. In English literature, the Romantic period is considered to begin with Wordsworth. He offered new definitions and new insights into what originally constituted poetry (21st Century Universal Encyclopedia). In terms of origins and influence, Romanticism was more widespread since no other artistic change has such comparable variety (Brians). We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth and Robert Browning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth and Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on William Wordsworth and Robert Browning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is one of the two major artistic philosophies of the Western culture. This movement began in 1770 and in 18th century, it transformed almost all forms of literature including poetry. It has its origins in the social changes of the 18th century, in a new awareness of nature as it was probed by science in a reaction against industrialization and in intellectual support for radical political ideas. This shows a renewed interest in medievalism (21st Century Universal Encyclopedia) as well as the artist’s role in the changing world. Romanticism calls forth opposing movements. It calls for change and it was even successful in the way it changed history. Though emotions like terror and rage are also seen in the Romantics, the most popular emotion was love. The inspiration for this emotion is the relationship between pair of lovers. Unlike at present in which love is identified with sex, it was treated in a cynical manner by the Romantics (Brians), the reason why though the theme of most arts during that time was about boldly speaking of emotions, it was accepted and recognized. Social realism is a basic method in literature which is defined as a truthful and historically concrete representation of reality showing the revolutionary development (21st Century Universal Encyclopedia) and it aims towards illustrating and explaining the unlikely part of life because it does not exist to amuse but to show the effects of poverty, immorality and war (Free Essays). Its roots lie in the 18th century and it aimed at social transformation (Social Realism) and is rather defined by the message it conveys more than the style. Majority of works at this period were reflection of their hard work, their religion, legacy of the revolution (Grove Dictionary of Art as quoted in Social Realsim). Scholars tend to distinguish Romantic and Victorian poetry but as observed, the Victorian is just a later stage of Romantic which is evident by fact that wild, passionate, and other intense emotions exemplified in the Romantic is continually shown in all forms of Victorian literature and arts (Brians). William Wordsworth sought to put an end the reigning practice of neoclassic poetry (Norton 239 as quoted by Moore). He began the Romantic Movement with his collection of Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. He is best-known as poet who reawakened his readers to the beauty of nature. Through his works, he described the emotional fervor and perceptive insights from which naturally beauty aroused (21st Century Universal Encyclopedia). His works are focused on the nature, children, the poor, common people, and used ordinary words to express his personal feelings (William Wordsworth).

Matisse essays

Matisse essays Henry Matisse illustrates five women dancing around in a circular pattern in his painting Dance. The nude, fair-skinned women all have slender bodies with black hair pulled back on their shoulders. They look very carefree and alive dancing around with joined hands. The tallest woman looks as if she is the leader because she is not holding hands with the woman on her right. Matisse may have done this to show where the circle begins. This painting is very simple and consists of very few colors. The two loudest colors are green, being the grass that the women dance on, and blue, that is the sky in the background. The two could also represent the world. Natalalie Safirs poem about Matissess painting is very well written and describes the painting in great detail and life. She describes the happy, carefree women as being joyful sisters because they look alike. Focusing on the breaking of the circle, the speaker says the tallest woman is pulling the circle. She also notes, in the last stanza, that the girl being pulled at the end of the circle is frightened because she may lose her grip. The speaker assumes that if the girl does not grab on the circle will be broken and a black sun will swirl from that space. Also, according to Safir, the green mound of which the ladies are dancing on is grass. My initial interpretation of the painting was that it was symbolizing sisterhood. It is clearly evident that their bodies portray pride in being a woman. Also, it looked to me like the women were dancing on top of the world, thus implying that they were celebrating dominance of the earth. After reading the poem and studying the painting more carefully, however, I now feel that the women are practicing some ritual or sance. The last stanza says that if the circle is broken a black sun swirls from that space. This suggests that if their worshipping circle is broken, a certain evil wi ...